EMBEDDED PROJECTS

SIMULATOR: PROTEUS 8.0 SOFTWARE: KEIL 4.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: WORKING: Any event which occurred internally or externally in a microcontroller that stops the current execution of the program is called an interrupt. Whenever an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller stops the current execution of the program and executes the program written for the interrupt which is also called the ISR (interrupt service routine). Here in this project, I have used int0 and int1 interrupt. To enable the interrupt operation respective bit in the IE register must be equal to 1. I  have connected sw1 to INT0 pin of 8051 and sw2 to INT1 pin of 8051. If  sw1 is pressed, it provides an active low signal to INT0 pin of 8051 which activates the INT0 interrupt. If sw2 is pressed, it provides an active low signal to INT1 pin of 8051 which activates the INT1 interrupt. Here in the ISR of INT0, I have written the logic to turn ON the LEDs and in the ISR of INT1, I have written the logic to blink the LEDs. Therefor

  SOFTWARE: KEIL MICRO VISION 4.0 SIMULATOR: PROTEUS 8.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PIN DESCRIPTION: PROGRAM: #include<reg51.h> sbit RS = P1^0; sbit EN = P1^1; void lcd_init(void); // lcd initialization function void lcd_command(unsigned char c);// lcd command function void lcd_data(unsigned char d);// lcd data function void lcd_string(unsigned char *ch);// string display function void delay(unsigned int t); // delay function int main() { lcd_init(); lcd_string("Welcome to the"); lcd_command(0xc0);// shift cursor to second row lcd_string("Embedded System"); while(1); } void lcd_init() { lcd_command(0x02);// 4 bit mode lcd_command(0x28);//4 bit mode,2 line,5x7 matrix lcd_command(0x0C); // display on,cursor off lcd_command(0x06); // entry mode lcd_command(0x01); // clear display lcd_command(0x80); // first location(begining) } void lcd_command(unsigned char c) { P1=(P1&0x0f)|(c&0xf0);// send higher nibble RS=0; // select command register EN=1; // send high

SOFTWARE:   KEIL MICRO VISION 4.0 SIMULATOR:   PROTEUS 8.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: WORKING: Here in this project, I have transmitted the data to the virtual terminal. When all the data gets transmitted, the TI flag in the SCON register becomes equal to 1 which indicates the complete transmission of data(8 bit). Data which needs to be transmitted is first placed into the SBUF register and after that the further procedure is performed as mentioned below.I have used a 9600 baud rate. All the serial communication is done using TXD and RXD pin of 8051. PROGRAM: #include<reg51.h> int main() { unsigned char *d="WELCOME TO THE EMBEDDED SYSTEM"; // data which gets transmitted to the virtual terminal TMOD=0x20; // timer 1 in mode 2 SCON=0x50; // mode 1,8 bit data,1 stop bit,1 start bit TH1=0xfd; // 9600 baud rate TR1=1; // start timer 1 TI=0;   // clear transmit flag while(*d!='\0') { SBUF=*d; // send data to serial buffer d++; while(TI==0); // wait untill transmission is comple

SOFTWARE: KEIL MICRO VISION 4.0 SIMULATOR: PROTEUS 8.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: WORKING: Here in this project, I have received the data from the virtual terminal and displayed the received data on an lcd.When all the data get received, the RI flag in the SCON register becomes equal to 1 which indicates the complete reception of data(8 bit). Received data gets stored into the SBUF register. I have taken the received data from the SBUF register and send this data on an lcd. I have used a 9600 baud rate.All the serial communication is done using TXD and RXD pin of 8051. PROGRAM: #include<reg51.h> sbit RS = P2^0;  sbit EN = P2^2; void lcd_init(void); // lcd initialization function void lcd_command(unsigned char c);// lcd command function void lcd_data(unsigned char d);// lcd data function void delay(unsigned int t); // delay function int main() { unsigned char r; lcd_init(); // lcd initialization TMOD=0x20; // timer 1 in mode 2 SCON=0x50; // mode 1,8 bit data,1 stop bit,1 start bit TH1=0xf

SIMULATOR:   PROTEUS 8.0 SOFTWARE: WIN AVR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: Here, LEDs are connected to the port b register of AVR. I have used the current-sinking arrangement. Therefore, I have provided logic 0 to turn on the LED and logic 1 to turn off the LED. PROGRAM: #include<avr/io.h>     void delay(unsigned int t); // delay function int main(void)     // main program { DDRB=0XFF;   //   Select PORT B as an output port while(1)              // continuous loop { PORTB=0X00;   // turned on the LEDs delay(10); // delay  PORTB=0XFF; // turned off the LEDs } } void delay(unsigned int t) // delay function { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<1275*t;i++); } PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: DDRx: Here, DDR stands for data direction register and x represents the port number. Here, I have used port b. So, in place of x,I have written B. It is used to decide whether the port is acting as an input port or an output port. DDRx=0X00; // port x is acting as

In 8051 using 11.0592MHZ crystal, we can able to generate a maximum delay of 65536x1.08us=0.07 sec only. By using 8051, we cannot able to obtain the delay which is greater than 0.07 sec. So, to obtain the delay greater than 0.07 sec we need to call millisecond or microsecond delay for a certain amount of time. Supposed I want to generate a delay of one second.To obtain this delay, it is necessary to convert one second into a millisecond or microsecond. We know that, 1 second = 1000 msec We can rewrite the 1000 milliseconds as follows: 50msec*20 = 1000msec Now, according to the calculation mentioned above first, we need to generate a delay of 50 msec and then we need to call this delay 20 times. By doing this we can able to obtain a  delay of 1 sec.By calling one second delay  60 times I have generated one minute delay. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I have written a program to blink the LED for one minute.In between ON/OFF in